Linux Error de booteo dual Ubuntu Windows

When you install Windows, Windows assumes it is the only operating system (OS) on the machine, or at least it does not account for Linux. So it replaces GRUB with its own boot loader. What you have to do is replace the Windows boot loader with GRUB. I've seen various instructions for replacing GRUB by mucking around with GRUB commands or some such, but to me the easiest way is to simply chroot into your install and run update-grub. chroot is great because it allows you to work on your actual install, instead of trying to redirect things here and there. It is really clean.
Here's how:
[LIST=1]
[*]Boot from the live CD or live USB, in "Try Ubuntu" mode.
[*]Determine the partition number of your main partition. sudo fdisk -l, sudo blkid or GParted (which should already be installed, by default, on the live session) can help you here. I'm going to assume in this answer that it's /dev/sda2, but make sure you use the correct partition number for your system!
If your main partition is in an LVM, the device will instead be located in /dev/mapper/, most likely, /dev/mapper/{volume}--{os}-root where {volume} is the LVM volume name and {os} is the operating system. Execute ls /dev/mapper for the exact name.
[*]Mount your partition:
sudo mount /dev/sda2 /mnt #Replace sda2 with the partition from step 2

If you have a separate /boot, /var or /usr partitions, repeat steps 2 and 3 to mount these partitions to /mnt/boot, /mnt/var and /mnt/usr respectively. For example,
sudo mount /dev/sdXW /mnt/boot
 sudo mount /dev/sdXY /mnt/var
 sudo mount /dev/sdXZ /mnt/usr

replacing sdXW, sdXY, and sdXZ with the respective partition numbers.
[*]Bind mount some other necessary stuff:
for i in /sys /proc /run /dev; do sudo mount --rbind "$i" "/mnt$i"; done


[*]If Ubuntu is installed in EFI mode (see this answer if you're unsure), use sudo fdisk -l | grep -i efi or GParted to find your EFI partition. It will have a label of EFI. Mount this partition, replacing sdXY with the actual partition number for your system:
sudo mount /dev/sdXY /mnt/boot/efi


[*]chroot into your Ubuntu install:
sudo chroot /mnt


[*]At this point, you're in your install, not the live session, and running as root. Update grub:
update-grub

If you get errors or if going up to step 7 didn't fix your problem, go to step 8. (Otherwise, it is optional.)
[*]Depending on your situation, you might have to reinstall grub:
grub-install /dev/sda
 update-grub # In order to find and add windows to grub menu.


[*]If Ubuntu is installed in EFI mode, and EFI partition UUID has changed, you may need to update it in /etc/fstab. Compare it:
blkid | grep -i efi
 grep -i efi /etc/fstab

If current EFI partition UUID (from blkid) differs from the one in /etc/fstab, update /etc/fstab with current UUID.
[*]If everything worked without errors, then you're all set:
exit
sudo reboot


[*]At this point, you should be able to boot normally.
[/LIST]
If you cannot boot normally, and didn't do step 8 because there were no error messages, try again with step 8.
[LIST]
[*]Sometimes giving GRUB2 the correct configuration for your partitions is not enough, and you must actually install it (or reinstall it) to the Master Boot Record, which step 8 does. Experience helping users in chat has shown that step 8 is sometimes necessary even when no error messages are shown.

#
# DO NOT EDIT THIS FILE
#
# It is automatically generated by grub-mkconfig using templates
# from /etc/grub.d and settings from /etc/default/grub
#

### BEGIN /etc/grub.d/00_header ###
if [ -s $prefix/grubenv ]; then
  set have_grubenv=true
  load_env
fi
if [ "${initrdfail}" = 2 ]; then
   set initrdfail=
elif [ "${initrdfail}" = 1 ]; then
   set next_entry="${prev_entry}"
   set prev_entry=
   save_env prev_entry
   if [ "${next_entry}" ]; then
      set initrdfail=2
   fi
fi
if [ "${next_entry}" ] ; then
   set default="${next_entry}"
   set next_entry=
   save_env next_entry
   set boot_once=true
else
   set default="0"
fi

if [ x"${feature_menuentry_id}" = xy ]; then
  menuentry_id_option="--id"
else
  menuentry_id_option=""
fi

export menuentry_id_option

if [ "${prev_saved_entry}" ]; then
  set saved_entry="${prev_saved_entry}"
  save_env saved_entry
  set prev_saved_entry=
  save_env prev_saved_entry
  set boot_once=true
fi

function savedefault {
  if [ -z "${boot_once}" ]; then
    saved_entry="${chosen}"
    save_env saved_entry
  fi
}
function initrdfail {
    if [ -n "${have_grubenv}" ]; then if [ -n "${partuuid}" ]; then
      if [ -z "${initrdfail}" ]; then
        set initrdfail=1
        if [ -n "${boot_once}" ]; then
          set prev_entry="${default}"
          save_env prev_entry
        fi
      fi
      save_env initrdfail
    fi; fi
}
function recordfail {
  set recordfail=1
  if [ -n "${have_grubenv}" ]; then if [ -z "${boot_once}" ]; then save_env recordfail; fi; fi
}
function load_video {
  if [ x$feature_all_video_module = xy ]; then
    insmod all_video
  else
    insmod efi_gop
    insmod efi_uga
    insmod ieee1275_fb
    insmod vbe
    insmod vga
    insmod video_bochs
    insmod video_cirrus
  fi
}

if [ x$feature_default_font_path = xy ] ; then
   font=unicode
else
insmod part_msdos
insmod ext2
set root='hd0,msdos5'
if [ x$feature_platform_search_hint = xy ]; then
  search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root --hint-bios=hd0,msdos5 --hint-efi=hd0,msdos5 --hint-baremetal=ahci0,msdos5  6a027ace-0aa5-40e2-a7cd-bc21eef1e0c9
else
  search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root 6a027ace-0aa5-40e2-a7cd-bc21eef1e0c9
fi
    font="/usr/share/grub/unicode.pf2"
fi

if loadfont $font ; then
  set gfxmode=auto
  load_video
  insmod gfxterm
  set locale_dir=$prefix/locale
  set lang=fr_FR
  insmod gettext
fi
terminal_output gfxterm
if [ "${recordfail}" = 1 ] ; then
  set timeout=30
else
  if [ x$feature_timeout_style = xy ] ; then
    set timeout_style=hidden
    set timeout=10
  # Fallback hidden-timeout code in case the timeout_style feature is
  # unavailable.
  elif sleep --interruptible 10 ; then
    set timeout=0
  fi
fi
### END /etc/grub.d/00_header ###

### BEGIN /etc/grub.d/05_debian_theme ###
set menu_color_normal=white/black
set menu_color_highlight=black/light-gray
### END /etc/grub.d/05_debian_theme ###

### BEGIN /etc/grub.d/09_windows ###
menuentry 'Windows' {
    insmod part_msdos
    insmod ntfs
    set root='hd0,msdos1'
    chainloader +1
}
### END /etc/grub.d/09_windows ###

### BEGIN /etc/grub.d/10_linux ###
function gfxmode {
    set gfxpayload="${1}"
    if [ "${1}" = "keep" ]; then
        set vt_handoff=vt.handoff=7
    else
        set vt_handoff=
    fi
}
if [ "${recordfail}" != 1 ]; then
  if [ -e ${prefix}/gfxblacklist.txt ]; then
    if [ ${grub_platform} != pc ]; then
      set linux_gfx_mode=keep
    elif hwmatch ${prefix}/gfxblacklist.txt 3; then
      if [ ${match} = 0 ]; then
        set linux_gfx_mode=keep
      else
        set linux_gfx_mode=text
      fi
    else
      set linux_gfx_mode=text
    fi
  else
    set linux_gfx_mode=keep
  fi
else
  set linux_gfx_mode=text
fi
export linux_gfx_mode
menuentry 'Ubuntu' --class ubuntu --class gnu-linux --class gnu --class os $menuentry_id_option 'gnulinux-simple-6a027ace-0aa5-40e2-a7cd-bc21eef1e0c9' {
    recordfail
    load_video
    gfxmode $linux_gfx_mode
    insmod gzio
    if [ x$grub_platform = xxen ]; then insmod xzio; insmod lzopio; fi
    insmod part_msdos
    insmod ext2
    set root='hd0,msdos5'
    if [ x$feature_platform_search_hint = xy ]; then
      search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root --hint-bios=hd0,msdos5 --hint-efi=hd0,msdos5 --hint-baremetal=ahci0,msdos5  6a027ace-0aa5-40e2-a7cd-bc21eef1e0c9
    else
      search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root 6a027ace-0aa5-40e2-a7cd-bc21eef1e0c9
    fi
    linux    /boot/vmlinuz-6.2.0-37-generic root=UUID=6a027ace-0aa5-40e2-a7cd-bc21eef1e0c9 ro  quiet splash $vt_handoff
    initrd    /boot/initrd.img-6.2.0-37-generic
}
submenu 'Advanced options for Ubuntu' $menuentry_id_option 'gnulinux-advanced-6a027ace-0aa5-40e2-a7cd-bc21eef1e0c9' {
    menuentry 'Ubuntu, with Linux 6.2.0-37-generic' --class ubuntu --class gnu-linux --class gnu --class os $menuentry_id_option 'gnulinux-6.2.0-37-generic-advanced-6a027ace-0aa5-40e2-a7cd-bc21eef1e0c9' {
        recordfail
        load_video
        gfxmode $linux_gfx_mode
        insmod gzio
        if [ x$grub_platform = xxen ]; then insmod xzio; insmod lzopio; fi
        insmod part_msdos
        insmod ext2
        set root='hd0,msdos5'
        if [ x$feature_platform_search_hint = xy ]; then
          search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root --hint-bios=hd0,msdos5 --hint-efi=hd0,msdos5 --hint-baremetal=ahci0,msdos5  6a027ace-0aa5-40e2-a7cd-bc21eef1e0c9
        else
          search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root 6a027ace-0aa5-40e2-a7cd-bc21eef1e0c9
        fi
        echo    'Loading Linux 6.2.0-37-generic ...'
        linux    /boot/vmlinuz-6.2.0-37-generic root=UUID=6a027ace-0aa5-40e2-a7cd-bc21eef1e0c9 ro  quiet splash $vt_handoff
        echo    'Loading initial ramdisk ...'
        initrd    /boot/initrd.img-6.2.0-37-generic
    }
    menuentry 'Ubuntu, with Linux 6.2.0-37-generic (recovery mode)' --class ubuntu --class gnu-linux --class gnu --class os $menuentry_id_option 'gnulinux-6.2.0-37-generic-recovery-6a027ace-0aa5-40e2-a7cd-bc21eef1e0c9' {
        recordfail
        load_video
        insmod gzio
        if [ x$grub_platform = xxen ]; then insmod xzio; insmod lzopio; fi
        insmod part_msdos
        insmod ext2
        set root='hd0,msdos5'
        if [ x$feature_platform_search_hint = xy ]; then
          search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root --hint-bios=hd0,msdos5 --hint-efi=hd0,msdos5 --hint-baremetal=ahci0,msdos5  6a027ace-0aa5-40e2-a7cd-bc21eef1e0c9
        else
          search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root 6a027ace-0aa5-40e2-a7cd-bc21eef1e0c9
        fi
        echo    'Loading Linux 6.2.0-37-generic ...'
        linux    /boot/vmlinuz-6.2.0-37-generic root=UUID=6a027ace-0aa5-40e2-a7cd-bc21eef1e0c9 ro recovery nomodeset dis_ucode_ldr
        echo    'Loading initial ramdisk ...'
        initrd    /boot/initrd.img-6.2.0-37-generic
    }
    menuentry 'Ubuntu, with Linux 6.2.0-36-generic' --class ubuntu --class gnu-linux --class gnu --class os $menuentry_id_option 'gnulinux-6.2.0-36-generic-advanced-6a027ace-0aa5-40e2-a7cd-bc21eef1e0c9' {
        recordfail
        load_video
        gfxmode $linux_gfx_mode
        insmod gzio
        if [ x$grub_platform = xxen ]; then insmod xzio; insmod lzopio; fi
        insmod part_msdos
        insmod ext2
        set root='hd0,msdos5'
        if [ x$feature_platform_search_hint = xy ]; then
          search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root --hint-bios=hd0,msdos5 --hint-efi=hd0,msdos5 --hint-baremetal=ahci0,msdos5  6a027ace-0aa5-40e2-a7cd-bc21eef1e0c9
        else
          search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root 6a027ace-0aa5-40e2-a7cd-bc21eef1e0c9
        fi
        echo    'Loading Linux 6.2.0-36-generic ...'
        linux    /boot/vmlinuz-6.2.0-36-generic root=UUID=6a027ace-0aa5-40e2-a7cd-bc21eef1e0c9 ro  quiet splash $vt_handoff
        echo    'Loading initial ramdisk ...'
        initrd    /boot/initrd.img-6.2.0-36-generic
    }
    menuentry 'Ubuntu, with Linux 6.2.0-36-generic (recovery mode)' --class ubuntu --class gnu-linux --class gnu --class os $menuentry_id_option 'gnulinux-6.2.0-36-generic-recovery-6a027ace-0aa5-40e2-a7cd-bc21eef1e0c9' {
        recordfail
        load_video
        insmod gzio
        if [ x$grub_platform = xxen ]; then insmod xzio; insmod lzopio; fi
        insmod part_msdos
        insmod ext2
        set root='hd0,msdos5'
        if [ x$feature_platform_search_hint = xy ]; then
          search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root --hint-bios=hd0,msdos5 --hint-efi=hd0,msdos5 --hint-baremetal=ahci0,msdos5  6a027ace-0aa5-40e2-a7cd-bc21eef1e0c9
        else
          search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root 6a027ace-0aa5-40e2-a7cd-bc21eef1e0c9
        fi
        echo    'Loading Linux 6.2.0-36-generic ...'
        linux    /boot/vmlinuz-6.2.0-36-generic root=UUID=6a027ace-0aa5-40e2-a7cd-bc21eef1e0c9 ro recovery nomodeset dis_ucode_ldr
        echo    'Loading initial ramdisk ...'
        initrd    /boot/initrd.img-6.2.0-36-generic
    }
    menuentry 'Ubuntu, with Linux 5.15.0-89-generic' --class ubuntu --class gnu-linux --class gnu --class os $menuentry_id_option 'gnulinux-5.15.0-89-generic-advanced-6a027ace-0aa5-40e2-a7cd-bc21eef1e0c9' {
        recordfail
        load_video
        gfxmode $linux_gfx_mode
        insmod gzio
        if [ x$grub_platform = xxen ]; then insmod xzio; insmod lzopio; fi
        insmod part_msdos
        insmod ext2
        set root='hd0,msdos5'
        if [ x$feature_platform_search_hint = xy ]; then
          search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root --hint-bios=hd0,msdos5 --hint-efi=hd0,msdos5 --hint-baremetal=ahci0,msdos5  6a027ace-0aa5-40e2-a7cd-bc21eef1e0c9
        else
          search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root 6a027ace-0aa5-40e2-a7cd-bc21eef1e0c9
        fi
        echo    'Loading Linux 5.15.0-89-generic ...'
        linux    /boot/vmlinuz-5.15.0-89-generic root=UUID=6a027ace-0aa5-40e2-a7cd-bc21eef1e0c9 ro  quiet splash $vt_handoff
        echo    'Loading initial ramdisk ...'
        initrd    /boot/initrd.img-5.15.0-89-generic
    }
    menuentry 'Ubuntu, with Linux 5.15.0-89-generic (recovery mode)' --class ubuntu --class gnu-linux --class gnu --class os $menuentry_id_option 'gnulinux-5.15.0-89-generic-recovery-6a027ace-0aa5-40e2-a7cd-bc21eef1e0c9' {
        recordfail
        load_video
        insmod gzio
        if [ x$grub_platform = xxen ]; then insmod xzio; insmod lzopio; fi
        insmod part_msdos
        insmod ext2
        set root='hd0,msdos5'
        if [ x$feature_platform_search_hint = xy ]; then
          search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root --hint-bios=hd0,msdos5 --hint-efi=hd0,msdos5 --hint-baremetal=ahci0,msdos5  6a027ace-0aa5-40e2-a7cd-bc21eef1e0c9
        else
          search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root 6a027ace-0aa5-40e2-a7cd-bc21eef1e0c9
        fi
        echo    'Loading Linux 5.15.0-89-generic ...'
        linux    /boot/vmlinuz-5.15.0-89-generic root=UUID=6a027ace-0aa5-40e2-a7cd-bc21eef1e0c9 ro recovery nomodeset dis_ucode_ldr
        echo    'Loading initial ramdisk ...'
        initrd    /boot/initrd.img-5.15.0-89-generic
    }
}

### END /etc/grub.d/10_linux ###

### BEGIN /etc/grub.d/10_linux_zfs ###
### END /etc/grub.d/10_linux_zfs ###

### BEGIN /etc/grub.d/20_linux_xen ###

### END /etc/grub.d/20_linux_xen ###

### BEGIN /etc/grub.d/20_memtest86+ ###
menuentry 'Memory test (memtest86+.elf)' {
    insmod part_msdos
    insmod ext2
    set root='hd0,msdos5'
    if [ x$feature_platform_search_hint = xy ]; then
      search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root --hint-bios=hd0,msdos5 --hint-efi=hd0,msdos5 --hint-baremetal=ahci0,msdos5  6a027ace-0aa5-40e2-a7cd-bc21eef1e0c9
    else
      search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root 6a027ace-0aa5-40e2-a7cd-bc21eef1e0c9
    fi
    knetbsd    /boot/memtest86+.elf
}
menuentry 'Memory test (memtest86+.bin, serial console)' {
    insmod part_msdos
    insmod ext2
    set root='hd0,msdos5'
    if [ x$feature_platform_search_hint = xy ]; then
      search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root --hint-bios=hd0,msdos5 --hint-efi=hd0,msdos5 --hint-baremetal=ahci0,msdos5  6a027ace-0aa5-40e2-a7cd-bc21eef1e0c9
    else
      search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root 6a027ace-0aa5-40e2-a7cd-bc21eef1e0c9
    fi
    linux16    /boot/memtest86+.bin console=ttyS0,115200n8
}
### END /etc/grub.d/20_memtest86+ ###

### BEGIN /etc/grub.d/30_os-prober ###
### END /etc/grub.d/30_os-prober ###

### BEGIN /etc/grub.d/30_uefi-firmware ###
### END /etc/grub.d/30_uefi-firmware ###

### BEGIN /etc/grub.d/35_fwupd ###
### END /etc/grub.d/35_fwupd ###

### BEGIN /etc/grub.d/40_custom ###
# This file provides an easy way to add custom menu entries.  Simply type the
# menu entries you want to add after this comment.  Be careful not to change
# the 'exec tail' line above.
menuentry 'Windows' {
    insmod part_msdos
    insmod ntfs
    search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root FE42B65942B6167D
    chainloader +1
}
### END /etc/grub.d/40_custom ###

### BEGIN /etc/grub.d/41_custom ###
if [ -f  ${config_directory}/custom.cfg ]; then
  source ${config_directory}/custom.cfg
elif [ -z "${config_directory}" -a -f  $prefix/custom.cfg ]; then
  source $prefix/custom.cfg
fi
### END /etc/grub.d/41_custom ###

sudo mount /dev/sda7 /mnt

sudo grub-install /dev/sda --root-directory=/mnt

sudo update-grub

chroot: failed to run command ‘/bin/bash’: No such file or directory